These products are suitable for numerous applications including:
L’ossido di stagno dopato con fluoro (FTO) sotto forma di film ricopre il vetro, è elettricamente conduttivo e ideale per l'uso in una vasta gamma di dispositivi come le finestre a risparmio energetico. FTO è un materiale relativamente stabile alle condizioni atmosferiche, chimicamente inerte, meccanicamente duro, resistente a temperatura elevata, ha un'alta tolleranza all'abrasione fisica ed è meno costoso dell’ ITO. I materiali vetrosi ricoperti da FTO hanno alte prestazioni termiche, modulano la trasmissione luminosa e ottimizzano la conduttività elettrica.
PZT is an intermetallic inorganic compound with the chemical formula Pb[ZrxTi1-x]O3 (0≤x≤1). It is a ceramic perovskite material that shows a marked piezoelectric effect, meaning that the compound is used in a number of practical applications in the area of electroceramics. Being piezoelectric, PZT develops a voltage (or potential difference) across two of its faces when compressed (useful for sensor applications), or physically changes shape when an external electric field is applied (useful for actuator applications).
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is another cathodic electrochromic material. It has different crystal structures: rutile, anatase and brookite. Another structure, indicated as TiO2 (II), has been seen stable at high pressure and some polymorphs phases are known. However, independently from the structure, the titanium atoms are always surrounding by six atoms of oxygen and therefore the basic unit are octahedra slightly distorted of TiO6. The anatase phase of titanium oxide has shown electrochromism: it has tetragonal symmetry and the octahedra of TiO6 shear two adjacent edge with two others octahedra in order to form planar double chains.
It can be used in electronics, laser diodes, LED’s, transparent thin film coatings and in the field of nanotechnology, UV detecors and actuators
L’ossido di indio è materiale semiconduttore. Trova applicazione nel campo della luce, sensori di gas e catalizzatore. Le nanoparticelle di ossido di indio sono i componenti principali per la preparazione dei film trasparenti conduttivi impiegati nei dispositivi elettrocromici.
The electrochromism was first discovered in WO3 in 1969 by Deb and since that time a huge number of papers have been published regards tungsten trioxide thin film. Tungsten trioxide crystal have perovskite like structure based on corner- sharing WO6 octahedral.
The tungsten atoms are situated in the centres of the octahedra. Temperature induces some distortions to the ideal cubic perovskite-like structure that corresponds to antiferroelectric displacements of tungsten atoms and to mutual rotations of oxygen octahedral.
Vanadium pentoxide thin films result to be brown/yellow when oxidised and quite weakly coloured (blue), when reduced. The principal vanadium oxide species are VO, V2O3 VO2, V2O5; however, due to the presence of oxygen vacancy defects some mixed valence oxide are known such as V6O13 with V+5 and V+4 oxidized states. If the number of the oxygen vacancy defects increases above a certain value the vacancies tend to correlate and to form the crystallographic shear planes. The vacancies are associated along a lattice plane and subsequently eliminated by the reorganization of V-O coordination units; the resulted oxides can be described by VnO2n-1 (Magneli phases) or by V2nO5n-2 (Wadsley phases).